Phonographic Measures

Phonographic measures combine both the written and spoken forms of words. Jiwar calculates the following phonographic measures:

Phonographic N (pg_N)

Full Name: Phonographic Neighborhood Size

Description: Number and forms of words that differ by one letter and one phoneme via substitution only.

Output Columns:

• pg_N: Number of phonographic neighbors which differ from the target word by one letter and one phoneme via substitution only.

• pg_N_nbrs: A list of the forms of phonographic neighbors identified in ‘pg_N’

Phonographic Density (pg_density)

Full Name: Phonographic Neighborhood Density

Description: Number and forms of words which differ from the target word by one letter and one phoneme via substitution, addition, or deletion.

Output Columns:

• pg_density: Number of phonographic neighbors which differ from the target word by one letter and one phoneme via substitution, addition, or deletion

• pg_density_nbrs: A list of the forms of phonographic neighbors identified in ‘pg_density’

PGLD20

Full Name: Phonographic Levenshtein Distance-20

Description: Average combined orthographic and phonological Levenshtein distance of the 20 closest neighbors.

Output Column: PGLD20

Phonographic Network

Full Name: Phonographic netowrk science measures

Description: Measures the interconnectedness of a word’s phonographic neighborhood at the near and distant neighbor levels.

Output Columns:

• pg_C: The clustering coefficient C measures the degree to which a word’s immediate phonographic neighbors are also phonographic neighbors of each other.

• pg_2hop_density: The 2-hop density measures the degree to which a word’s immediate and distant phonographic neighbors are also phonographic neighbors of each other.

Phonographic Neighbor Frequency

Full Name: Phonographic Neighborhood Frequency

Description: Statistics about the frequencies of phonographic neighboring words. In this measure, neighbors are defined as words differing by one letter and one phoneme via substitution, addition, or deletion.

Output Columns:

• pg_nbr_fpm_m: The mean frequency per million (fpm) of phonographic neighbors.

• pg_nbr_fpm_SD: The standard deviation of the frequency per million (fpm) of phonographic neighbors.

• pg_nbr_fpm_higher_m: The mean frequency per million (fpm) of phonographic neighbors that have a higher frequency than the target word.

• pg_nbr_fpm_lower_m: The mean frequency per million (fpm) of phonographic neighbors that have a lower frequency than the target word.

• pg_nbr_zipf_m: The mean Zipf value of phonographic neighbors.

• pg_nbr_zipf_SD: The standard deviation of the Zipf values of phonographic neighbors.

• pg_nbr_zipf_higher_m: The mean Zipf value of phonographic neighbors that have a higher frequency than the target word.

• pg_nbr_zipf_lower_m: The mean Zipf value of phonographic neighbors that have a lower frequency than the target word.